Changes · latest 2026-10-10
What’s new
New sections and tools, added content and updates, each with the date it went live. Only changes visible on the site are listed.
- new
Step-by-step test, article export and the curator’s view set apart
Articles 4 to 6 of the DSA (liability exemptions for intermediaries) now open with a step-by-step test: one question after another with what follows from a “no”, the provision behind each step and a link into the analysis. Every article and annex of all six commentaries can be downloaded as Markdown or JSON (text, test, commentary and its links) and printed or saved as PDF without the site’s controls. Sentences in which the commentary’s curator states a personal view are highlighted.
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Links in the regulation commentaries
The Czech commentaries on the AI Act, GDPR, CRA, NIS2, DSA and DMA are now linked throughout. A reference to an article leads to its page, including articles of another regulation, recitals lead to their text, a section reference and the table of contents lead to the relevant part of the commentary, and each marginal number has its own link. Cases of the Court of Justice and the General Court lead to InfoCuria, ECLI identifiers to the judgment in EUR-Lex, and decisions of the Czech Supreme and Constitutional Courts to their databases.
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Czech AI case law as of 10 October 2026
The overview of Czech case law on AI now covers 77 decisions. New are the first Supreme Court decision that works with the notion of hallucinating artificial intelligence, another Constitutional Court ruling on a lawyer who cited non-existent case law, an invented explanatory memorandum in a cassation complaint, an invented provision of the Local Referendum Act and a rule from the High Court in Prague that filers must verify AI output before sending it to the court. Two decisions on AI output as evidence were added, as was a judgment holding that non-existent case law does not automatically make an administrative decision unlawful. Each decision in the overview now opens with one line on what it was about.
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Commentary on the Digital Markets Act (DMA)
A new section with commentary on all 54 articles and the Annex of Regulation (EU) 2022/1925: the full text of each provision, analysis with marginal numbers, constructed examples, practical consequences for gatekeepers, business users and competitors, Commission decisions, General Court case law and open questions, plus an introduction, an analysis of the 109 recitals and the explanatory memorandum to the Commission proposal. The full commentary is in Czech; in English there is an overview and a short note on every provision with its text.
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Commentary on the Digital Services Act (DSA)
A new section with commentary on all 93 articles of Regulation (EU) 2022/2065: the full text of each article, analysis with marginal numbers, constructed examples, practical consequences, Commission practice, case law and open questions, plus an introduction, an analysis of the 156 recitals and the explanatory memorandum to the Commission proposal. The full commentary is in Czech; in English there is an overview and a short note on every article with its text.
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The AI Act as amended by Regulation 2026/1744
AI Act article pages now show the consolidated text as of 27 July 2026, i.e. after the amendments made by Regulation (EU) 2026/1744 (the Czech pages also reflect the corrigendum to the Czech language version). Paragraphs inserted or replaced by the amendment are shaded. Amended articles also show the original 2024 text for comparison. Every article carries its own date of application, exceptions included, for example for the new prohibitions in Article 5 or for high-risk systems under Annex III and Annex I.
- new
Sources and recitals for every AI Act article
Every AI Act article now lists the official sources that relate to it (Commission guidelines and opinions, codes of practice, implementing regulations and reports) and the recitals that explain it. A new sources page gives the identifier, date and legal nature of each document, and another page carries the full text of all 180 recitals.
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AI Act commentary updated for the amendment
The Czech commentary now covers every article amended by Regulation (EU) 2026/1744. Article 50 has a new section on the Commission guidelines on transparency obligations of 20 July 2026 and on the code of practice, and the chapter on general-purpose models works in the Commission guidelines and the template for the public summary of training content. Implementing Regulation (EU) 2026/1755 on proceedings against providers of general-purpose models and the Commission’s first report under Article 112 are covered too.
- correction
Search results for CRA and NIS2 articles
Articles of the Cyber Resilience Act and the NIS2 Directive now have their own category in search results and show an excerpt from the commentary on their own act. Search previously filed them under GDPR.
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Updates to the AI Act commentary
The AI Act overview gives the status of the Council of Europe Framework Convention on Artificial Intelligence: it has not yet entered into force. As of 9 October 2026 only the European Union has ratified it and the Czech Republic has not signed it. The analysis of Articles 56, 63, 69, 72, 75 and 77 follows the text as amended, which changed the approval of codes, the range of undertakings entitled to relief, fees for experts of the scientific panel, the implementing act on the monitoring plan and the powers of the AI Office and of fundamental rights authorities. On Article 60a the commentary reflects that Article 2(2) excludes the general Article 60 for products under Annex I Section B and makes the sandbox conditional. Machinery is placed in Section B of Annex I, where the amendment moved it, and Article 25 is read accordingly. Added: after the amendment Article 60 testing also covers Annex I Section A systems, common specifications under Article 41 give a presumption of conformity alongside harmonised standards, and limitation periods for fines under Article 101 are set by Implementing Regulation (EU) 2026/1755. The short notes on Article 4 and Annex I and the list of penalties under Article 99(4) in the part on the fundamental rights impact assessment are updated as well.
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How the content is made
The methodology page and the homepage describe how the content is made: in a legal workflow with agentic AI governed by machine-enforced rules matching the methodology, drawing on my own attempts, notes and collected papers. The footer of every page links to a short description of the process with the current plugin version.
- new
The prompt can be downloaded as an .md file
A Download .md button now sits next to Copy. Copying is faster when you paste the prompt into a browser chat. A file is better when an agent reads from disk: put it in the project folder and it becomes part of the context rather than a one-off message. The file carries a YAML header with structured fields (document type, jurisdiction, perspective, format, chosen constraints) and, in the body, exactly the same text the clipboard gives you. With a three-step prompt chain each step downloads separately and the filename carries the date, the subject and the position in the chain.
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Link preview on social networks
Links to the site shared on social networks and in chat now show a preview image built from the site’s own hero, in Czech and English. Notebook entries keep their own preview carrying the entry title.
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Updates to the dependent-work indicator test
The leading case law no longer includes the extended-chamber ruling 8 Afs 296/2020-133, which decides on the burden of proof and the tax deductibility of costs and mentions švarcsystém only when summarising the regional court’s conclusions. The page now explains that it counts answers on the conditions and indicia, and that answers are briefly stored in the browser when you hand them over to the prompt builder. An offence by a non-business natural person who enables illegal work has been added. A ban on activity and publication of the decision are described as penalties that may be imposed, and the income percentage bands as a rough aid not set by statute.
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Article-by-article check of four commentaries
The commentaries on the Cyber Resilience Act, the NIS2 Directive, the AI Act and the GDPR were checked article by article against the official text. The analysis is now more precise, for instance on the power to request source code, which the AI Act confers on market surveillance authorities. The refinements were carried into the checklists, role overviews and provision annotations.